Benefits Of Volunteer And Incentives - 959 Words

Nowadays, there are large number of people has been getting involved in voluntary activities on a regular basis; trends show that volunteering has become increasingly popular over the past few decades, (Anheier and Salamon, 1999). Volunteering can be seen as a combination of unpaid work, activism and serious leisure. The definition of voluntary ethos includes three principles. First, volunteering should not be primarily involved financial gain for individual. Furthermore, the activity should be undertaken voluntarily, according to an individual’s own free-will. And last, it should be benefit to other individuals, society at large, and also brings positive influence to volunteer itself (NCVO, 2015). Within the conceptual framework of voluntary understanding, it is essential to recognize the motivation of involving voluntary action and also necessary to find whether the incentives are important to volunteering activity. This essay will firstly give the definition of motivation of volunteer and incentives, and then argue that financial incentive or other incentives might have an impact on voluntary ethos, but there is no necessary negative influence. People volunteer for a wide variety of reasons. They often join a volunteering organization because it meets their needs. Those needs may be for career, for friendship, for belonging or other spiritual needs. Rochester (2010) concludes different types of volunteer’s motivation. Through volunteering activity, from externalShow MoreRelatedRecruiting The Right Personnel For The Community Service Industry825 Words   |  4 Pagescommunity not only benefits not only themselves, but also those of the less fortunate. Volunteers are looking for opportunities to show their dedication but want their actions to be acknowledged and appreciated. It is vital to recognize volunteers within the organization but also to acknowledge their accomplishments within the community. Volunteer managers are working extremely hard to find ways to attract and recruit volunteers who are willing to work. The major issue that volunteer leaders face todayRead MorePersuasive Essay About Military Draft1456 Words   |  6 PagesToday the military draft seems obsolete with the rise in volunteers. Over the past half-century, military drafts have controlled the fates of eligible men on and off the battlefield. Thankfully this is not the case today with qualified men and women signing up and risking their lives for their country. With the United States at war in the Middle East, having plenty of volunteers is essential in the effort to win. In the United States volunteers join the military from diverse backgrounds, with differentRead MoreThe Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee1208 Words   |  5 PagesShasthya Shebika (SS) are female community health volunteers with minimal education or illiterate working under the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) to provide basic health services and sale medical products as a source of income in Bangladesh (9). The programme was set up by the BRAC in 1970 to respond to the human resources for health crisis and has remained to be the backbone of the health system due to the large numbers of volunteers recruited, ability to cover difficult geographicalRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Membership Programs Essay935 Words   |  4 Pagestheaters, and other cultural heritage-related attractions, and at festivals and events (Klenosky, Oh, Panek, Luebke, 2008; Olsson, 2010; Slater, 2005). Memberships are based on the idea of mutual benefits of a relationship. On one hand, organizations offer members tangible and intangible benefits such as free admission and access to special events; on the other hand, members contribute to support organizations as funding, fee revenue, visitors, and volunteering work (Olsson, 2010). In the contextRead MoreCase Study: Geico1428 Words   |  6 Pagesall type of benefits package. The insurance company, Geico, has really embraced their diverse employees and are offering them a wonderful total rewards program that offers not only health insurance and sick time but it also offers fitness programs, continued learning and tuition reimbursement incentives, adoption assistance and many other perks for being a valued employee. According to (Poster Scannella, 2001, p. 24), a total rewards program is defined as including â€Å"salary, incentives {short-termRead MoreThe Role Of Total Reward And Motivation1573 Words   |  7 Pagestheir emplo yees, who are drifting from working with charitable organisations towards the private organisations. Based on a research by the Best Companies in 2009 for HR magazine, it was stated that majority charitable organisation provide reward and benefits compared to the private organisation (Woods, 2016). Employees that work in the third sector are often seen as motivated as they are supporting a cause and providing assistance and support, and it is the manager who has to ensure that this behaviourRead MoreTarget and Job Satisfaction1107 Words   |  5 Pagesbest they can be.† This statement and ideology shows the public that Target believes that the company is nothing without the employees that put their energy into it. Target has enforced this by providing their employees with incentives such as: resources, services and benefits programs. As far as leaders in each department, Target has ensured that leaders are well invested in and that they are given the opportunity to personal career development and networking opportunities. What makes Target specialRead MoreWelcome To The First Look At Intergenerosity. Our Mission1314 Words   |  6 Pagesways older adults may stay active and in turn, it will benefit the younger population. Through our cooperative, we also wish to give high schoolers and young adults the opportunity to give back to our growing older population.   Understandably many older adults prefer to remain in their homes versus living in assisted living or a nursing home.   We aim to facilitate aging in place by hiring the younger population in both paid and volunteer positions to assist elders in activities of daily livingRead MoreEssay On Recruiting Volunteers1649 Words   |  7 PagesRecruiting volunteers For Macon soccer club Submitted to the faculty of: Middle Georgia State University Degree of Bachelor of Science. Submitted by Tushia Amin Date: 5th December 2017 Acknowledgment We would like to express our gratitude to habitat for humanity for their full support. The completion of this project would not have been possible without their help. We would also like to thank all of the soccer club members who impacted our project and experience. Abstract A SoccerRead MoreRecruitment Strategies For Recruiting Foreign Nationals1125 Words   |  5 Pages2.2.2 Recruitment With volunteers choosing to devote less time to volunteer programs, it has become a struggle for organizations to compete for volunteers. To develop more effective recruitment strategies, an organization must identify the volunteer market or a market niche. Recruiting foreign nationals is another option to increase the volunteer pool and can be accessed through corporations, colleges and universities, immigrant programs, and foreign exchange programs. Individuals that participate

Smoking Is Dangerous For Everyone - 1535 Words

According to Elizabeth Keyishian, Author of Everything you Need to Know About Smoking writes that â€Å"Smoking is dangerous for everybody, but there are special health risk for women. Lung cancer has replaced breast cancer as the leading killer disease for women.†(Keyishian). Remember the warning label on the cigarette passage states that, â€Å"‘Smoking by pregnant women may result in fetal injury, premature birth, and low birth weight.’†(Keyishian). Smoking may not seem like a big deal yet, but once a girl or woman starts to smoke it will be difficult to quit. When a female becomes a mother, she may still be smoking and unable to stop, causing harm to the baby. Ob-gyn Robert Welch, who is on the committee of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Providence Hospital in Southfield Michigan, has helped thousands of women realize their dreams of a healthy baby. He states that â€Å"‘Smoking cigarettes is probably the number one cause of adve rse outcomes for babies’†(Woolston). He has seen the complications many times with the same outcome every time. Babies are born prematurely, born to small, or die before they can be born at all. Smoking while pregnant not only affects the mother, but the infant as well. The baby’s health will be affected before, during, and after the child is born. â€Å"The nicotine, carbon monoxide, and numerous other poisons†(WebMD) the mother would inhale from a cigarette are†...carried through her bloodstream and goes directly to the baby†(WebMD) which causesShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of Tobacco And Tobacco1084 Words   |  5 Pages With more people dying from tobacco related illnesses than any other source, smoking and tobacco use is the single largest source of preventable deaths in the world. There have been many attempts at controlling smoking in America which not only harms the user but also the people around them. None of the attempts have succeeded fully so far. This essay will show why by providing evidence and history about smoking and tobacco use and analyzing current actions or rather inactions addressing this problem;Read MoreA Study On Death Rates Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pagesmortality our time is too valuable. Eventually, everyone will die how we decided to spend our time is controlled by the individual, everyone views relaxation differently to some relaxation is crawling into bed, reading a book, being accompanied by Lagavulin 21 scotch or smoking a cigarette after a fulfilling dinner. Stress fallows everyone and ways to coping the pressure can be tremendous and dangerous to our health for exam ple smoking of the cigarette. Smoking is a kind of reliance depending upon the opiateRead MoreSmoking Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesA cigarette is made up with very dangerous chemical called nicotine, which is habit- forming chemical. Smoking tobacco has been very addictive parts of many people’s lives. In the united states, I have seen a lot of people smoking in a different place like bars, parks, street, bus stations and parties. I have also seen the people who smoked in, no – smoking zones. Despite knowing the fact that the cigarette contains very dangerous and toxic chemical, people still smoke them. Although many peopleRead MoreEssay about Smoking Will Kill You Softly954 Words   |  4 PagesDo you smoke? Have you ever stopped to think about how smoking is affecting your body and your life? Smoking has been shown to be dangerous to health. It is dangerous not only to those who smoke, but to non-smokers and unborn children who are exposed to secondhand smoke. That exposure can be significant, especially to those who live or work with a smoker. In reality, most of the smoke from a burning cigarette does not get sucked down into a smoker’s lungs – it escapes into the air, where it can beRead MoreTeenage Addiction to Smoking1498 Words   |  6 Pagesgenerations. The hostile impact on young generations, addiction to smoking cigarettes is staggering. Smoking has taken an enormous toll on the minds and health of young teens around the world. Teenage smoking is an epidemic that has derives from several causes. Smoking in young teens has become more common this day in age. Smoking in young teens is most commonly brought about by peer pressure. According to an article Teenage Smoking, â€Å"At no other time in life is peer pressure stronger than duringRead MoreSmoking Is A Controversial Topic On Modern Society1201 Words   |  5 Pagestalking about smoking one phrase always pops up in a person s mind, â€Å"Smoking Kills†. Considered as one of the biggest public health disasters in the world smoking is a very controversial topic in modern society. As of recent times due to the link smoking has with serious health issues, many advertisement have been made to make people aware of the dangers. In the advertisement â€Å"Smoking Kills† the hand that holds the cigarette is compared to that of a gun. Since a gun has a dangerous atmosphere theRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned? Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking is an expensive habit. People who smoke cigarettes can spend as much as $2,500 a year on them. Smokers’ claim that it helps relax them and it releases stress but the negative aspects of smoking outweigh the positive. Smoking is a health hazard for smokers and non-smokers. Smokers should have the right to choose what to do with their own health but they should respect non-smokers. Many people believe that there are good and bad outcomes from smoking. I believe that smoking is bad and thatRead MoreTobacco Should Be Made Illegal Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesCigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States. This means about one out of every five deaths is a result of smoking. In addition to outright death, smoking has many detrimental effects on the lives of smokers and those around them. Fires, second-hand smoke, and smoking related motor vehicle accidents all plague the world and those in it. Tobacco should be made illegal because of the horrible consequences it inflicts on smokers and non-smokers alike. Tobacco isRead MoreSmoking in the United States Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking in the United States if cigarettes were banned in the United States, the government could apend the money currently used to pay medical bills, on more necessary causes. Instead of this money being used for diseases which were knowingly brought upon by the smoker him or herslf, this money could be used in finding a cure for diseases that are not preventable. Perhaps the saddest effect of smoking is that on pregnant smokers and their babies. When pregnant women smoke, their babies areRead MoreSmoking Tobacco Is The Leading Cause Of Death Worldwide880 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. It affects the body by damaging major organs and arteries. People that smoke are often at a greater risk of having heart related and respiratory issues than nonsmokers. Tobacco products such as, snuff and chewing tobacco also contribute to similar health issues and risk. The idea of banning smoking and tobacco products is great because it could prevent millions of deaths yearly. There are many different negative side effects

GRE Text Completion Examples

The First World War - 1809 Words

The first world war was one of the most brutal and remorseless events in history; ‘the global conflict that defined a century’. Over nine million soldiers and a large amount of innocent civilians lost their lives. Empires crumbled, revolution engulfed Russia and America rose to become a dominant world power. Huge armies deployed new weapons of devastating effect from rifles and pistols to torpedoes and flame throwers. These weapons were used not only in the trenches but by tanks too. This was an advantage to those who were able to access such machinery as they could easily launch bullets and missiles at nearby enemy bases. The downfall of the tank was the fact it was unable to cross the trenches. Tanks were not the only pieces of equipment that could access this machinery but U boats and planes too. The British carried ‘bolt action rifles’ in which fired 15 rounds per minute at a minimum range of 1,400 metres away. This allowed the British to take out foes at a far greater range. By using machinery in which rules out the need for getting up close to the enemy was a great advantage during world war one. Soldiers ran from trench to trench attacking with all that they had. This resulted in a massacre as the soldiers running toward the trenches were shot down. Machinery such as machine guns and heavy artillery were the weapons used in the trenches. In modern day society, machine guns are the main weapons used by soldiers. This wasn’t the case around the 1914s. They took fourShow MoreRelatedThe First World War : The Great War1600 Words   |  7 Pages The First World War sometimes referred to as the European War was more commonly referred to as the Great War. So much in the world was changed by this war, so it simply by most known as the Great War. â€Å"It is because no other war until then had had such an impact on the world. It was the first war to affect all of the major nations of Europe and the world. It took many lives and changed the lives of millions more.† (Rivera, 2014) Some countries do not refer to the war as great because theyRead MoreDiscussing The First World War1432 Words   |  6 PagesWhen discussing the First World War, there are a myriad of topics, theories and debates that can be brought up, especially when its regarding to its breakout and and what lead to it. There are multiple direct and indirect causes that all are interconnected with one another, making it very difficult to just discuss about one topic without it overlapping with another completely different topic.　One of the most unquestionable causes that lead to the outbreak of the war was the alliance system that wasRead MoreThe Causes Of The First World War1406 Words   |  6 PagesOption A: What in your view were the causes of the First World War? How have historians’ views on the war changed over time? Historical events are crucial in human thoughts since they understand themselves better in the present through analyzing their past occurrences. Historical events help us to know the causes of certain past events, therefore, making the cause to entail long-term ideology events and actions. Nevertheless, the causes of certain events may differ depending on the scale of historyRead MoreCauses of the First World War1164 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War I Essay When a nation’s hunger for power and control become too great, the nation may be pushed to do things that may have harsh consequences. This was the case in the early 1900’s when the world engaged in its first major global military conflict. There were a number of causes of the First World War; due to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany accepted full responsibility for the war. Although the Germans had a large contribution in starting the war, they should not be fully heldRead MoreWeapons of the First World War698 Words   |  3 Pages Research Overview of WW1 Weapons During World War I many new kinds of weapons and technology were invented and improved. Some of these weapons included tanks, chemical and biochemical weapons, grenades, and machine guns. Chemical Warfare was used for the first time on a large scale in World War I. There are two main types of chemical warfare, one affects the surface of the body they come in contact with and the other affects the nervous system. Almost all chemical warfare weapons needed to beRead MoreThe First World War I1305 Words   |  6 PagesJahnecke Mrs. Schartner U.S. History 2 AP/IB 19 October 2015 Unit 3 Notebook Essay The First World War fought from 1914 to 1918 was one of the largest and most brutal catastrophes fought in the 20th century. With nearly the entire European continent fighting a barbaric and everlasting war, the U.S. had eventually to get involved in order to reinitiate stability to Europe. Ultimately, the U.S. taking involvement in World War I had a profound political, economic, and social impact on the country. It increasedRead MoreOrigins of the First World War1435 Words   |  6 PagesThe First World War was an international conflict which erupted in July 1914 involving various nations across the world. Many historians and those who have studied the Great War tend to give varied opinions as to what initially sparked the outbreak. However, although these opinions between researchers differ, they do all tend to revolve around the hostility between the great powers of Europe, the violent assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and the controversial piecesRea d MoreThe Causes Of The First World War1395 Words   |  6 PagesThe causes of the First World War were similar and differed from the causes of the Second World War politically, economically, and socially. Both of these significant, historical events were substantially affected by the interaction of dominating societies during this time period. During the First World War, these leading societies were the European authorities of Britain, Germany, and Austria, with slight assistance from the U.S. However, the United States allocated their full engagement duringRead MoreThe Catalyst for the First World War1679 Words   |  7 PagesThe origins of the First World War are diverse, complicated and widely debated among historians, especially concerning the liability of Germany. Between 1871 and 1914, there are several elements that have contributed to destabilize the balance of European powers. Imperialism adopted by European countries, especially in Africa, the rise of Germany, which bui ld up the development of alliances between States and the expansion of nationalist movements are the main elements. 1) Germany, a new European

Jessica s Business Code Of Ethics - 1277 Words

Jessica s Business Code of Ethics Jessica L. Rajpar Student No. 000317823 Western Governors University Thank you for joining Jessica s Company herein after known as â€Å"The Company†. It is the interest of The Company to provide our employees with both a positive and safe working environment. We believe that each and every one of our employees is valuable and play an exceptional role in contributing to our success. We are very excited to have you as a part of our team! The Company was started in 1992 and has grown to our current five facilities located in Indianapolis, IN and Lexington, KY. All of our production facilities boast leading and cutting edge, environmentally friendly technologies that are unparalleled. Through strict management, we have collectively built an environment that is safe, clean and friendly for our customers and employees. Our Mission Statement Our mission is to provide consumers with innovative products to increase efficiency and productivity while proving to have less impact on our environment and help our customers do so as well. We wish to prolong our current economic growth and protect our planet in the process. The integrity of our company is based on the quality of our products, our satisfied customers, the integrity and conscientiousness of our employees and our sincerity to innovative development and evolution. Our Core Values Deliver quality to our customers through excellence. CreateShow MoreRelatedThe Beatitudes Of The Bible762 Words   |  4 PagesBeatitudes The beatitudes in the Bible, Matthew chapter 5, are known as the code of ethics for the disciples. It is used frequently as a foundation for medical missionary field work. Large Christian organization as Samaritan’s Purses, Oversea Missionary Fellowship (OMF) and Mà ©decins Sans Frontià ¨res (MSF), known internationally in English as Doctors without Borders, continue to practice and assist worldwide with high ethics and compassion based on the teachings and principles in the Bible. Early HistoryRead MoreCritical Incident In Social Work1618 Words   |  7 Pagesproviding them with the skills they need. Social work incorporates other aspects as diversity, ethics, and values and thus social workers require skills that will enable them to educate people. It is important that social workers embrace diversity, follow the ethical rules and uphold high standards of value. This essay will highlight an incidence in a supported accommodation setting where issues of diversity, ethics, and values were clearly observed. The incident will be critically analysed using a criticalRead MoreSocial Work Values And Ethics1441 Words   |  6 PagesValues and Ethics 1 Social Work Values and Ethics Unique to the Profession Jessica A. Rosario Arizona State University Social Work Values and Ethics 2 Abstract The history and evolution of social work dates to the late 1800’s. Since the profession was recognized many concerns arose regarding the values and ethics of social workers. The key points of the NASW Code of Ethics, the CSWERead MoreThe Ethics Of Advertising For Children1731 Words   |  7 Pages Congratulations, it s a †¦ Consumer! The Ethics of Advertising to Children Ishaaq Beg ENG4U Ms. Lodi October 22nd 2015 Ishaaq Beg Ms. Lodi ENG4U October 22nd 2015 Advertising to Children â€Å"The consumer embryo begins to develop during the first year of existence. Children begin their consumer journey in infancy, and they certainly deserve consideration as consumers at that time† - James U. McNeal, Youth Marketer. Companies have their sights on kids for many reasons, butRead MoreThe For A Standardized Provider1089 Words   |  5 Pagesorg/carecoordinationwhitepaper [Accessed 16th February 2016] Audet, A. M. and Patel, S. (2012). The Care Coordination Imperative: Responding to the Needs of People with Chronic Diseases. The Commonwealth Fund Blog. Brown, S. (2014). Autism Spectrum Disorder and De-escalation Strategies: A practical guide to positive behavioural interventions for children and young people. England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Castle, N.G. (2009). Perceived Advantages and Disadvantages of Using AgencyRead MoreThe Importance of Ethics and Values in Business Organizations1954 Words   |  8 PagesSection A Question one: Explain the importance of ethics and values in business sustainability? Introduction: Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and the society according to (BBC ethics 2014). Ethics in general builds a person’s character which is portrayed by his/her behaviour. Business ethics can be defined as a way of which people and institutions should behave in the world of commerce. Most businesses are profit driven and by examining constraints or profit for self-interestRead MoreStrategic Leadership and Decision-Making: Ethics and Values3428 Words   |  14 PagesPRESENTATION BY UKAOBI JESSICA CHINYERE TOPIC: STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND DECISION-MAKING: ETHICS AND VALUES APRIL, 2010 INTRODUCTION Values and ethics are central to any organization. What exactly do we mean by values and ethics? Both are extremely broad terms, and we need to focus in on the aspects most relevant for strategic leaders and decision makers. What we will first discuss is the distinctive nature of ethics; second, we will take a look at work ethics; third we will look intoRead MoreSocial And Ethical Standards For The Tobacco Companies3005 Words   |  13 Pagessocial and ethical standards for the tobacco companies. Philanthropy social responsibility is very much needed to protect the society and its environment. Moreover, corporate social responsibility is one of the necessary key elements in a company’s business plan. For example, stakeholders look at the companies who adopt the policies for environmental protection and fair labour relations with employees and the community. (1) This report examines the economic, social and environmental issues and responsibilitiesRead MoreLiterature Review of Human Resource Management, theory versus practice2101 Words   |  9 Pagesis further supported with anecdotal evidence that candidates used to clarify their responses, one report stated â€Å"training is an essential part of my job development, it helps me cope with my work and I am more effective because of it†. Conversely Jessica Miller from the SHRM Blog suggests that the effectiveness of parental strategic management is curtailed by its design limitations. The alignment of the policy or practice defines how a convention ‘fits’ within a workplace structure, therefore ineffectiveRead MoreEssay on The Efforts to Regulate the Internet5321 Words   |  22 Pageswhich will run at least until July 2003, has focused on anyone with access to children and in positions of authority, such as the police or magistrates. - Detective Constable Brian Stevens, 41 - an officer on the Holly and Jessica double murder case - has been charged with indecently assaulting three children and possessing indecent photos. The charges are not related to the double murder in Soham. - Police say many child porn sites are run from

A Long Way Gone free essay sample

Beah describes his life as a child soldier in the civil war of his home country in Sierra Leone during the 1990’s in his novel, A Long Way Gone. The beliefs of both John Locke and Thomas Hobbes are incorporated throughout the story. There are examples of how people can be naturally selfish and wicked but also how others can learn from their experiences and look after the welfare of society. In Beah’s novel, the civil war in Sierra Leone gives such examples proving Hobbes and Locke correct. (57) Thomas Hobbes believed that without government there would be war of every man against every man and people’s lives would be â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short†. In the novel, Hobbes’ ideas about life without government are proved to be true. We see his ideas as Ishmael becomes a child soldier and he goes out to kill others. People just like Ishmael and his family were willing to kill others just because they could. † (Pg. 17) Not only does the moon bring nightfall, it also brings people together. After his grandmother tells him about the moon, Ishmael decides to observe it, to see if what she says is true. Every night, he would see different images but, in the end, it is still the moon. Whenever Ishmael was thinking, he was constantly staring into the sky. It normally happened at night, since he could never get any sleep. â€Å"One night while I sat outside in a village square thinking about how far I had come and what might lie ahead, I looked into the sky and saw how the thick clouds kept trying to cover the moon, yet it would reappear again and again to shine all night long. † (Pg. 70) He went one to compare his journey to that of the moon. No matter what obstacles he may face, there is always a way for him reach what he wants the most. The clouds attempted to cover the moon, just as the rebels and close calls with death attempted to keep him from finding his family and freedom. Beah always talked about the nightmares and memories that would keep him up at night. Ishmael was afraid to sleep, afraid that his memories would return to him in a form of nightmares. â€Å"These days I live in three worlds: my dreams, and the experiences of my new life, which trigger memories from the past. † (Pg. 20) His dreams and experiences of his new life are all of what he lives in. he memories of violence, suffering, and loss are all that he knows and will continue to. Beah always talked about staying up at night to avoid the nightmares, resulting in little sleep. â€Å"Often, my shadow would scare me and cause me to run for miles. † (Pg. 49) After traveling, alone, for days and running on little sleep, Ishmael was beginning to imagine things. The lack of sleep was his way of avoiding the nightmares. He started to lose his hold on reality. He also quotes, â€Å"I became restless and was afraid to sleep for fear that my suppressed thoughts would appear in my dreams. (Pg. 52) Besides the nightmares, there were times that bad things happened at night. â€Å"I didn’t sleep that night. My hands began shaking as soon as my friends started snoring. I had a feeling that something bad was going to happen. † (Pg. 84) After Saidu passes out during their journey, they come across a village where they are feed and are greeted by familiar faces. Saidu once said, â€Å"Every time people come at us with the intention of killing us, I close my eyes and wait for death. Even though I am still alive, I feel like each time I accept death, part of me dies. (Pg. 70) He explains that soon enough, he will completely die and only an empty body would remain. On this night, is when he completely dies. Ishmael had a feeling as though something bad would happen and in fact, something did. At night, Ishmael was afraid to sleep, afraid that the images and thoughts of his past would consume his dreams. That particular night, it seemed as though the world knew that death would come and take someone away. Ishmael could not sleep and the dogs cried throughout the night, which then woke up sleeping children who followed them in crying. We walked fast as if trying to stay in the daytime, afraid that nightfall would turn over the uncertain pages of our lives. † (Pg. 88) Ishmael was afraid that the night would take one of them away, like it took away Saidu. At times, Ishmael feels that the night sky has also protected him from certain death. Ishmael and his friends, run until night comes and saves them from the rebels. â€Å"The moon disappeared and took the stars with it, making the sky weep. Its tears saved us from the red bullets. † (Pg. 98) Ishmael explains that, he can see the redness that the guns give off when they are fired. Another example of when the night is his savior, is when he is living in Freetown after the rebels overthrow the government. â€Å"Nightfall seemed far away, it felt like waiting for Judgment Day. † (Pg. 206) Ishmael and his cousin attempt to make a dangerous trip to get some food from a secret market in town, when it is discovered by the rebels, Ishmael goes into hiding hoping that night would come. He compares the wait for nightfall to Judgment Day because the night sky is the only thing that could save him, in his predicament. In A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier, Beah frequently references to nature and the natural world; to nightfall and the presence of the moon. In the book, the world at night, as well as the moon, serves as both a safeguard and a bringer of bereavement. Beside the pain and suffering he endured from lack of sleep and fear of recurring nightmares, the night has also saved him in times of need. He may have lost a lot during the war but, there are some things that he has gained to make him the strong man he is today. Beah, Ishmael. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier.

Bizarre Elements Of Dreams Essay Example For Students

Bizarre Elements Of Dreams Essay BIZARRE ELEMENTS IN DREAMS, DAYDREAMSAND WAKING NARRATIVESImogen NightingaleABSTRACTIn this Experiment, eighty-eight subjects were asked to individually recall and transcribe dreams and daydreams over a one-week period. It was also requested that they note anything prominent that had happened to them over that week. Results worksheets were the filled out and data was handed in for analysis. The hypothesis was to test Hobson McCartleys activation-synthesis hypothesis that dreams would have more bizarreness than other waking narratives, Our results, however, failed to support this, instead showing a higher significance of bizarreness when daydreaming, and supporting the findings of Reinsel, Antrobus ; Wollman. Scene shifts and transformations were also a focus of our study, results were in accordance with our hypothesis, however did not achieve statistical significance.GET BROOK TO LOOK AT THIS!A dream may be defined as a mental experience, occurring in sleep, which is characterised b y hallucinoid imagery, predominantly visual and often vivid (Hobson ; McCarley, 1977). J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley argue that dreams are simply the by-product of bursts of activity amaniting from subcortial areas in the brain (Hobson, 1988; Hobson ; McCarley, 1977; McCarley, 1994, cited in W. Weiten, 1998). One explanation of bizarreness and disruptive discontinuities found in dream reports is provided by the activation-synthesis hypothesis (McCarthy ; Hoffman, 1981 sited in Rittenhouse et al). This model (as seen below in Table 1) proposes that dream bizarreness is a psychological correlate of REM state physiology. The most important tenet of the activation-synthesis hypothesis is that during dreaming the activation brain generates its own information by a pontine brain stem neuronal mechanism (Hobson et al, 1977). This produces wide awake brain waves during REM sleep, creating what is known as a dream. Table 1. Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis ExplainedThe ASH was challenged by Reinsel, Antrobus, ; Wollman (1992)?further claimed that while REM sleep dreams are bizarre, they are no more so than reports of either NREM sleep mentation or waking fantasy. EXTENDWilliams, Merritt, Rittenhouse, ; Hobson supported the activation-synthesis hypothesis reporting that dreams are quantitatively different from waking fantasies (1992). They postulated that dream bizarreness is the direct cognitive correlate of aminergic demodulation of cortical networks in REM sleep. Their results indicate that dreams contain more bizarreness as well as other dreamy features than daydreams and waking fantasy (Williams et al, 1992). Dreams were found to be significantly more bizarre in incongruity and discontinuity, as well as uncertainty. Williams et al. concluded that due to the difference in neuronal activity of the brain between the two states, dreaming and fantasies are two totally different modes of information processing (1992). This is due to the difference in neuronal activity of the brain between the two states (Mamelak ; Hobson, cited in Williams et al., 1992). Specifically, the brain is unable to adequately organise or record events in a dream (Williams et al., 1992). Mamelak ; Hobson found that this would clearly contribute towards changes in thought or scene shifts during a dream (1989). Transformation in dreams and other narratives is considered in this study. Rittenhouse, Stickgold and Hobson, claimed that a dream object does not transform randomly into another object, but into an object that shares formal associative qualities with the first (1994). The purpose of this study is to assess the prediction based on the activation-synthesis hypothesis that there will be greater bizarreness in dreams than in daydreams or waking narratives. This has been supported by the work of Hobson, but challenged by others such as Reinsel, Antrobus, and Wollman. It was also planned to investigate the occurrence of transformations of persons or objects, following the work of Rittenhouse, Stickgold and Hobson. The variables being measured in this study are scene shift (discontinuity of setting in place or time), entity change (discontinuity of character, object or action), and discontinuity (of thoughts or feelings of the dreamer or dream character). Followed by incongruity (a mismatching of features of characters, objects, actions, thoughts or emotions with what is normal in waking life), and finally cognitive uncertainty (of thoughts, emotion or feelings or vagueness surrounding any element of the dream or narrative. METHODParticipantsThe participants were University of Tasmania KHA2112/312 students. There were 88 cases available to be samples, however 8 of these cases have been excluded from the analysis by listwise exclusions of cases that have any missing values. There were 80 cases in the final sample. Black Holes Essay Stephen HawkingOriginal Entity Transformed Entityman and woman with blonde hair ken and barbie (barbie dolls)students face disolving only her skull is leftDISCUSSIONThis study failed to support Hobson and McCarleys (1977) activation-synthesis hypothesis that there would be greater bizarreness in dreams than in daydreams or waking narratives. Our results were supported by Reinsel, Antrobus Wollman when Klinger (1971) stated that the potential for waking fantasy to be equally as bizarre as dreaming . Reinsel et al further claimed that while REM sleep dreams are bizarre, they are no more so than reports of either NREM sleep mentation or waking fantasy (Reinsel et al., cited in Williams et al., 1992). Our results differed from both Hobson et al and Williams et al, whose results confirmed the activation-synthesis hypothesis that there would be greater bizarreness in dreams than in daydreams or waking narratives. This certainly was not the case in our study as daydreams showed to have far greater prominence. Williams et al., when comparing dream reports with waking fantasies, showed that discontinuity is the most state specific class of bizarreness, being 6 times more frequent in dreams than in fantasies (1992). Our results failed to support his finding, with incongruity leading as the most state specific class of bizarreness. At the class level, bizarre transformations of objects and characters appear to be controlled by associational constraints that require the transformed item to normally remain within the same class after the transformation. He also found that no transformations of inanimate objects into characters or vice versa were observed (Rittenhouse, Stickgold Hobson, 1994). Our findings support this study, however our sample indicated that only 12.5% of participants recalled transformations in their reports. This sample is too small to show an accurately high significance. Our inability to confirm our hypothesis may have been due to such methodological errors as 80 participants was not a large enough sample to gain accuracy. It is recognised that reports may have been edited in order to prevent embarrassment, however this is not regarded as likely to confound our analysis. Another problem with using home-based reports is the lack of controlled conditions. Each subject experienced different settings and report techniques. More importantly we cannot ensure that participants recorded their experiences immediately after they occurred, this might have resulted in state dependent amnesia. In summary, this study failed to support Hobsons activation-synthesis hypothesis that there would be greater bizarreness in dreams than in daydreams or waking narratives. The main psychological finding is that, contrary to the activation-synthesis hypothesis; dreams did not have more bizarre features per sentence than daydreams. The one category in which dreams exhibited greater bizarreness was the category for incongruities. Transformation, did support Rittenhouse et al. findings. Had the methodological problems been overcome, the results of our study may have shown results in accordance with the activation-synthesis hypothesis. Psychology